Coating composition



Patented Aug. 27, 1940 UNITED STATES V A 2,212,603 PATENT OFFICE:

COATING COMPOSITION Cleveland B. Hollabaugh, Wilmington-, Del, as-

signor to Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington,- DeL, a corporation ofDelaware No Drawing; A plication September 14;, 1931. Serial No. 164,237

20 Claims. (01. 134-79) flexible base. To produce flexible films by theuse of such film-forming materials, it is neces- Ii sary to add asoftening or plasticizing agent to the film-forming material. However,the addition of plasticizing or softening agents to filmformingmaterials have a tendency to render them tacky, particularly at slightlyelevated tem- 20 peratures.

In the formulation of protective and decorative coatings for applicationto a very flexible base, such as paper, cloth, metallic foil, and thelike, it is very difficult to produce a film which 25 is highly flexibleover the ordinary range of temperatures at which the 'coated materialsis used and yet not suificiently tacky to have a tendency to clingtogether at normal temperatures and to adhere firmly together when incontact under pressure as when stored in piles for long periods.

particularly at the slightly elevated temperatures which may beencountered on storage in the summer in warehouses and freight ears.

The tendency of the coated surfaces to cling to- 35 gether and haveexcessive resistence to slip, or

"cling as it is termed in the art, is highly objectionable. The tendencyto adhere firmly together may and frequently does cause practically atotal loss of the coated product and, hence, is

40 even more serious.

Thus, it'i's often found that sheets of paper coated with a flexiblelacquer piled in stacks and allowed to stand for a long period of time,or at slightly elevated temperatures, or both, will ad-.

5 here firmly together to form a solid mass, even though the lacquercoating was entirely dry before the sheets were stacked and even thoughthe coating was not soft or tacky to the touch. This phenomena is termedblocking" by the 50 art. Blocking is exaggerated by pressure and it willbe found that the lower sheets of a stack which are under more weightthan the upper sheets will block more readily than the upper sheets.There is no known way of separating 55 sheets which have been blockedwithout damaging .them, so blocking will cause practically a total lossof the blocked material.-

It will be appreciated that blocking is not limited to coated sheets ofpaper but can occur when any two coated surfaces or when a coatedsurface and an uncoated surface are in close contact. Thus, a roll ofcoated paper, cloth, or metal foil which is tightly wound can readilyblock'into a solid mass which cannot be unwound. I

In order to avoidblocking of lacquered surfaces, ithas been the practiceheretofore to coat upon a surface only very small amounts of lacquersolids, so that the surface was incompletely covered. The exposed areasof the base surface,

protruding fibers in the case of paper and cloth bases, and lacquer filmirregularities are'sufli-- cient to temporarily prevent blocking. Suchcoatings are, however, inferior in their appearance and in theirresistance to water-vapor,

water, grease and the like, and will eventually block.

Another serious difliculty is frequently encountered when coating bothsides of a flexible base, suchas paper and the like. In coating paper onboth sides, one side of the paper is ordinaril coated, the coating driedat an elevated temperature, and then the opposite side coated by asecond pass through the coating machine. Usually theside which islastcoated and dried will have faulty spots resembling bubbles orcraters. These faulty spots are apparently caused by residual solventabsorbed on the paper fibers from the lacquer applied on the first sidecoated evaporating through the second coating before it 3 is entirelydry. By the time the solvent vapors have broken through the coating onthe second side coated, it is usually so viscous that it does not fiowand close up the holes left by the broken bubbles.

The object of this invention is to provide a coating composition whichwill dry to a film which is flexible over the range of ordinaryatmospheric temperatures and yet which is free of cling and which showslittle or no tendency 40 to block even when stored at slightly elevatedtemperatures. This object is accomplished by the addition of arelatively small quantity of an alkali metal salt of a higher aliphaticsulfate to. a flexible coating composition. Such an addltion willeliminate the tendency of the flexible coating composition, when in theform of a'fllm on a flexible surface, to cause blocking, with theconsequent losses attendant thereto. Such an addition has a furthereffect and one which is m likewise quite valuable. I have found thatcoating compositions in accordance with this invention, when used tocoat both sides of paper, are ordinarily entirely free of any tendencyto show faults in the coating applied to the second side coated.

While my primary objective is to provide a coating composition suitablefor application to a flexible base, it will be appreciated that my coating composition is by no means limited to such 0 uses, but will be founduseful for application to any typical surface on which a slick surface,free of a tendency to cling, is desired. In this connection it will beappreciated that coating com-' positions which are of the hard, glossytype frequently show a tendency to cling, particularly when at slightlyelevated temperatures. It will be found that the addition of an alkalimetal salt of a higher aliphatic sulfate to such coat-. ingcompositions, for example, furniture lacquers and the like, will causethe final film to be free of cling and present a very slick surfacewhich is less readily scuffed and marred than surfaces which have aslight cling.

A further object of this invention is to provide a flexible sheetmaterial coated with a uniform protective and decorative coating whichis substantially free of cling and which is not subject to blocking.This object is accomplished by coating a flexible base material with thecoating composition in accordance with this invention.

The coating composition in accordance with this invention will compriseessentially a filmforming-material, such as, for example, a celluloseester, as nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, cel-- lulose propionate,cellulose butyrate, cellulose aceto-propionate, celluloseaceto-butyrate, etc., chlorinated rubber, synthetic resins, and thelike; and an alkali metal salt of a higher aliphatic sulphate. Thealkali metal salt of the higher aliphatic sulphate which I include inthis composition has the property of giving the coating a tackfreesurface, even though a plasticizing or softening agent is presented inamounts whichwould give a tacky surface in ,its absence.

The alkali metal salt of the higher aliphatic sulphate which I mayuse-will contain eight or more carbon atoms and may be, for example,sodium oleyl sulphate, sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium stearyl sulphate,sodium myristyl sulphate, sodium cetyl' sulphate, etc., or mixturesthereof.

'The amount of the alkali metal salt of a higher aliphatic sulfate whichI include in my composition will depend upon the various other formulating ingredients included therein. It will be present in amountsufficient tohaye thedesired anti-cling and anti blockin'g action, butordinarily in amount insuflicient to give the film a fiat appearance,and always in amount insuffilm produced by drying the composition hasaged about a week. Amounts of the alkali metal salt of the higheraliphatic sulfate above about 1.5% by weight of the film-forming solidsin the composition ordinarily causes a noticeable reduction in the glossor a flattening of the film.

The film-forming material used in the composition in accordance withthis invention may be, for example, a cellulose ester, such as,nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose BOBtO-blltyrat'e, celluloseaceto-pro'pionate, celluose butyrate, cellulose propionate; chlorinatedrubber;

synthetic resins, as, polybasic acid-polyhydric alcohol resins, etc. Thenitrocellulose used may about 52% to about 56.5%.

be any of the types-used in coating compositions, as, for example, anitrocellulose having a nitrogen content within the range of about 10.9%to about 12.3%. Similarly, the other cellulose esters which may be usedwill be of the usual protective coating types. Thus','the celluloseacetate may have an acetyl content expressed as acetic acid, within therange of about 50% to about 62.5% by weight, and preferably within therange of I H The cellulose acetobutyrate may vary in composition overthe entire possible range from straight. cellulose acetate to straightcellulose butyrate, and mayhem-flange of the hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzedtypes. .Preferably the cellulose acetobutyrate will haveanacetyl-butyryl content within the range of about 45% acetyl-12%butyryl to about 35% acetyl- 22% butyryl, by weight. The celluloseacetopropionate mayvary in composition from straight cellulose acetateto straight cellulose propionate,

but will preferabiy have an acetyl-propionyl content within the range ofabout 15% acetyl-35% propionyl to about 25% acetyl-45% propionyl byweight. Likewise, the chlorinated rubber may be of any of the usualprotective coating types, and may have a chlorine content within therange of about 50% to about 73% by weight, and preferably within therange of about 60% to about 69% by weight.

The film-forming material which I may use may have a viscositycharacteristic of within a comparatively wide range depending upon thecharacteristics desired of the composition. When it is desirable toutilize the film-forming material in the form of a solution having ahigh viscosity therewith in depositing a thin film, a high viscositycharacteristic film-forming material will be utilized. On the otherhand, when it is desired to deposit a relatively heavy film, by

the use of a low viscosity solution, a low film-' forming materialhaving a low viscosity characteristic will be used. Thus, whenusing anitrocellulose as a film-forming ingredient it will have .a viscositycharacteristic within the range of about .0125 second (Hercules) toabout 400 seconds (Hercules). The nitrocellulose which I ordinarilyemploy will have a viscosity characteristic within the narrower range ofabout 0.1 second (Hercules) to about seconds (Hercules). The otherfilm-forming ingredients which I may use will have viscositycharacteristics within corresponding ranges.

In addition to the alkali metal salt of a higher aliphatic sulfate and afilm-forming ingredient, the coating compositions in accordance withthis invention may contain other formulating ingredients, such as,softeners or plasticizers, natural resins, synthetic resins, pigments,dyes, etc. The

plasticizing or softening agent which I may use in the coatingcompositions in accordance with this invention may be present in widelyvarying amounts depending upon the characteristics desired in theultimate film, the character of the film-forming material utilized, andthe exact characteristic of the plasticizing or softening agentemployed. With film-forming ingredients such as, nitrocellulose,cellulose acetate, chlorinated rubber, etc., and normally effectiveplasticizers such as'diamyl or dibutyl phthalate, etc., the plasticizerwill ordinarily be present in amount within the range of about 20% toabout 40% by weight of the film-forming material present in thecomposition, and desirably within the range of about 25% to about 35%.It will be appreciated, however, that when using certain types of diamylphthalate, tricrwyl phosphate, triethyl- I citrate, methyl phthallylmethyl glycollate, methyl phthalyl butyl glycollate, tributyl phosphate,castor oil, substituted castor oils, and the like. The composition may,in addition, contain gums, resins, pigments, and other formulatingingredients ordinarily used in protective coating compositions of thistype. The gum or resins employed may be, for example, dammar gum, estergum, methyl abietate, modified alkyd resins, terpinene maleate resinsand the like.

The composition in accordance with this invention may be applied to aflexible base in the form of a solution dissolved in suitable organicsolvents known to the art. The particular organic solvent utilized maybe a single organic compound, but will ordinarily be an admixture ofvarious solvents and non-solvents, of-difierent rates of composition.The particular solvents chosen will depend primarily on the film-formingmaterial included in the composition.

When applied in the form of a solution it will befound that the alkalimetal aliphatic sulphate contained in the composition will be dissolvedin the organic solvent or will be" partially dissolved and partiallydispersed as a very fine suspension. In either case,it will be depositeduniformly in the ultimate film produced on evaporating the solvent.

The viscosity of the solution to be utilized will ordinarily be, chosenwith reference to the method by which it is to be applied to theflexible base, and may be conveniently controlled by the concentrationof the film-forming ingredient in the solution or by the viscositycharacteristic of the particular lot 'of the filmforming ingredientutilized. Thus, for application by spraying, the solution will desirablynot exceed a viscosity of about 100 centipoises. For application byroller coating, a higher viscosity may be used, such as, for example, aviscosity within the range of about 100 centipoises to about 800centipoises, and preferably within the range of about 500 centipoises toabout 750 centipoises. For application by means of 'a doctor blade stillhigher viscosities may be employed.

Compositions in accordance with this invention, suitable for applicationin the form of solutions are more specifically illustrated by the examples given in Table I.

TABLE I Example No.

-Nitrocellulose (Hercules-R. S. V; See.

A suitable solvent mixture for the compositions listed in Table I is asfollows:

Per cent Butyl acetate 20 Ethyl acetate 25 Butanol I 5 Toluol 50 Theamount of the solvent utilized will depend upon the-method by which thecompositions are to be applied.

Compositions in accordance with this invention, suitable for applicationin the form of a solution are further illustrated by the followingexamples. In each of, these examples, the amount of solvent usedwilldepend upon the viscosity desired for the particular method of ap- Thiscomposition may be applied in the form of a solution in a suitablesolvent, such as, toluol.

This composition may be applied in the form of a solution in a suitablesolvent, such as, a mixture of 20% butanol and 80% toluol.

Alternately, the composition in accordance with this invention may beapplied to a base in the form oi a. substantially water-immisciblesolution emulsified in disperse phase inwater. When applied in the formof an emulsion, the alkali metal higher aliphatic sulphate may bedissolved in the lacquer solution, or in the aqueous phase. or in both,and will function as emulsifylng agent for dispersingthewater-immiscible plication .to be used.

Example 5 Parts by weight Cellulose aceta 25.0

Dibutyl phthalate 15.! Sodium laurylsulfate 0.3 Solvent mixture:

Methyl-ethyl ketone Q 2 Diacetone alcohol 1 Acetone 1 Example 6 Per centChlorinated rubber 70.6 v Butyl-phthalyl butyl glycollate .5 28.5 Sodiumlauryl sulfate 0.9 Solvent mixture:

Hydrogenated petroleum hydrocarbon solvent (solvesso #2) 'parts 2 Toluoldo 1 Example 7 Per cent Cellulose aceto-butyrate 55.2 Methyl phthalylethyl glycollate- 44.1 Sodium lauryl sulfate 0.7 Solvent mixture:

Diacetone alcohol parts 1 Methyl ethyl ketone do 3 Acetone do 4 Example8 Per cent Ethylene glycol ester of terpinene maleic anhydride 83.7Diethylene glycol ester of terpinene maleic anhydride 15.0 Sodium laurylsulfate 1.25

solution, as wellas for a tack-reducing agent in the ultimate film. Thealkali metal higher aliphatic sulphate may be the sole emulsifying"agent used or it may be used in conjunction with desirable to utilizeanother emulsifying agent in the aqueous phase to secure eflicientemulsification of the composition.

In utilizing the coating composition in accord- I ance with thisinvention in the form of an emulsion in water, it will be found that theviscosity of the emulsion can be conveniently controlled to adapt theemulsion for application by various methods, and it will be found thatthe emulsion may be applied by any-of the usual methods for applicationof ordinary protective coating solutions. On the other hand, theviscosity of the water-immiscible solution of the protective coatingcomposition which is dispersed may be utilized to control itspenetration into the pores of the base to which it is applied, andprovides a very convenient and flexible method for such control,

particularly when applying the compositions to a highly porous flexiblebase.

I have found that, even though the particle sizes of the disperse phaseof the emulsion be less than. the pore sizes of the porous material, andeven though the viscosity of the emulsion be very low, so that one wouldexpect rapid penetration of the porous support by the emulsion,substantially no penetration occurs provided the dispersed protectivecoating solution be of sufliciently high viscosity as compared withordinary protective coating solutions adapted, for example, forapplication by spraying. In other words, the viscosity and not theparticle size of the disperse phase of the emulsion is the determiningfactor of penetration of the porous support by the emulsion. I

To obtain the best .results in the application of my emulsions to poroussurfaces, it is desirable to correlate the porosity of absorbency of theporous support with the viscosity of the disperse phase of the emulsion,for example, with a high porous support such as a high absorbent paper,I prefer to use an emulsion which, While fluid and free-running asanemulsion contains as the disperse phase a protective coating solutionof relatively high viscosity, to the end that, after most of the aqueousphase of the. emulsion has been absorbed by the porous support, orevaporated, or otherwise removed, the disperse phase coalesces anddeposits as a highly viscous coating on the .very surface of the supportand does not penetrate thereinto, and such disperse phase only thensolidifies by the elimination of the solvents in such dispersed phase.

When applying the protective coating composition in accordance with thisinvention in emulsified form to a highly porous surface which absorbs arelatively high percentage of the aqueous phase, and when utilizing thealkali metal aliphatic sulfate as the emulsifying agent, it is desirableeither to increase the amount of the alkali metal aliphatic sulphatedissolved in the aqueous phase, or to add it both to the aqueous phaseand to the dispersed phase, so that the ultimate film produced by thedrying of the composition will contain an amount of the alkali metalaliphatic sulphate as hereinbefore specified. It will be appreciatedthat when a portion ofthe aqueous phase of the emulsion is absorbed intothe bodies of the flexible material which is coated, the amount of thealkali metal aliphatic sulphate deposited in the ultimate filmis.proportionately clecreased,v

I have been unable to aeg ine any numerical] relation between pore s andthe viscosity. in the disperse phase of the protective coatingemulsionHowever, thefollowing examples. ofemulsified compositions in accordancewith thisinventionflinwhich'nitrok cellulose is utilizedasthefilmrforming ingredient, and which are adapted; for. application tosurfaces of different porosity, will enable those skilled in the art,with ease, to. economically and efllciently apply the coatingcompositions to any porous, absorbent. basedesiredto be coated. It willbe appreciatedthat in each of these compositions, the alkali metal saltof the higher aliphatic sulfate may be dissolved either. in the lacquerphase or the aqueous phase of the emulsion, or both, as may be desired.

.Thus,by way of example, with a highly porous, absorbent surface ofblotting paper, it has been found that, with an emulsion containing inthe disperse phase a nitrocellulose solution of a viscosity of 10,000seconds (A. S. T. M), a continue ous, non-porous, adherent,substantially nonpenetrating coating of nitrocellulose can be formed onthe surface when as little as 14 lbs. per 3000 square feet of drysubstance is deposited. i Y

Similarly, with a jute cardboard, it has been found that with anemulsion containing the disperse phase a nitrocellulose solution of aviscosity of 1000 seconds (A. S. T. M.) a continuous, non-porous,adherent, substantially non-penetrating coating of nitrocellulose can beformed on the surface when as little as 11 lbs.'per 3000 square feet ofdry substance is deposited.

Similarly, with Lion jute tag cardboard, a substantially less porouscardboard, it has been found that with a disperse nitrocellulosephase'of a vis cosity of 150 seconds (A. S. T. M.) a continuous,non-porous, adherent, substantially non-pene-. trating coatingofnitrocellulose can be formed on the surface thereof with as little as 7lbs. per 3000 square feet of dry substance deposited.

Similarly, with Champion Garamond Text of ltheporous support a paper, arelatively porous paper, it has been found that with a nitrocelluloseemulsion containing in the disperse phase a nitrocellulose solution of aviscosity of 250 seconds (A. S. T. M.), a continuous, non-porous,adherent, non-penetrating coatporous paper, with an emulsion having adisperse phase of a nitrocellulose solution of a viscosity of 10 seconds(A. S. T. M.) a continuous, non-porous adherent, substantiallynon-penetrating coating of nitro-cellulose can be formed on the surfacewith as little as 5 lbs. per 3000 square feet of dry substance.

Inusing the composition in accordance with this invention in the form ofan emulsion, it will be dissolved in a substantially water-immi$ciblesolvent mixture, admixed with an aqueous solution of an alkali metalhigher aliphatic sulfate or other emulsifying agent, and passed througha suitable colloid mill or homogenizer. If desired the alkali metal saltof'the higher aliphatic sulfate may be omitted entirely from thewaterimmiscible solution of the film-forming material, and included onlyin the aqueousphase of the emulsion in which it will function as theemulsifying agent. Alternately it may be included only in the lacquerphase of the emulsion and another emulsifying agent added to the aqueousphase, or

- it may be included in both phases. When it is desired to use anotheremulsifying agent in the aqueous phase it will be found the emulsifyingiii? agent utilized may be for example, a sulphonated oil, assulphonated castor oil, etc. a soap, as, so-

dium oleate, sodium stearate, the corresponding potassium "salts, etc.,a sodium salt of butyl orisopropyl naphthalene sulphonic acid, as sodiumbutyl naphthalene sulphonate, etc, oleo glycerol sulphate, methylcellulose, the sodium salt of sulphuric ester of glycerin-mono-dodecylether, the

sodium salt of dodecyl-mercapto acetic acid, etc, or other compoundsequivalent therefor, or mixtures thereof.

The emulsifying agent may be usedin widely varying amount, dependingupon the particular emulsifying agent used, thus, for example, in amountwithin about the range 0.1%-5% by weight of the water. By way ofexample,2% of sodium resinate or 0.75% of sodium laurylsul phate in the waterphase will be satisfactory.

In preparing an emulsifiedcomposition in accordance with this inventionthe substantially Wat'er-iimniscible solution of the film-formingmaterial utilized will be emulsified in disperse phase inaqueoussolution of the emulsifying agent on a ratio within the range ofabout 1.75:1 to about 4-1 and preferably on a ratio within the range ofabout 2-1 to about 3-1. From the standpoint of economy, it is desirablethat the solution of the film-forming material so emulsifled be ofsufiiciently high viscosity that it will not penetrate into the surfaceof the flexible base to be coated to any substantial amount. Theviscosity of the solution of the film-forming material will ordinarilyfall within the range of about 3 seconds to about 27,000 seconds andmore desirably within the range of about 150seconds to about 10,000seconds, as determined by the A. S. T. M. standard method, that isthe'time required for a 3%" ball to fall through 10 inches of thesolution contained in a1" diameter tube at The solvent mixture employedin the substanrather wide range, and it will be found in general thatthe more porous the surface to be coated the more the average boilingrange of the solvent mixture can be. a It is believed that the reasonfor this is the fact that a porous surface absorbs the aqueous phase ofthe emulsion so that it does not interfere with the evaporation of thesolvent in the disperse phase and that absorption of the the aqueousphase is dependent upon the porosity of the surface. When usingnitrocellulose as the film-forming ingredient in emulsified compos tionsin accordance with this invention which are intended to be applied toflexible surfaces, which are relatively high porosity, it will be foundthat more than half of the solvent or solvent mixtures will boil below a140 C. or withinthe range of about 150 C.-l30 C. In the formulation ofthe solvent mixture there will be found that the sol-.

vents and diluents listed in the following table and within the maximumamounts given may be used.

hluximum 5 355. m No. t Name be used in o c solvent mixture 1 35 2 56 253 50+ 75 4 60 50 l 5 63 25 6 75 Ethyl acetate. 100 7 76 Carbontetrachloride 50 g 73 Ethanol 25 9 Beuzol 100 10 80 Ethyl methyl kotoncethyl ace 3. 11 80 Isopropyl alcohol 75 12 35 Ethylene chloride 75 13Isopropyl acetate. 14 98 Ethyl propionatc; 100 15 100 Diethyl carbonate100 16 101 Dicthylene oxidc 100 17 102 Butanol 75 18 1 10 Toluol 100 19113 Butyl acetate 100 20 Amyl alcohol 75 21 118 Methyl isobut lketo mo22 Methyl cclloso ve 25 23 Epicthylin glycidylethyl other ion 24 l26Pcntasol 100 25 Isoamyl alcohol isobutyl carbinol primary 25 26 130Cellosolvc 25 27 Ethyl benzene 75 28 135 Butyl ethyl carbonate.. 100 29135 Pent-acetate 100 30 139 Xyl 75 31 130 1 Butyl proplonete. 100

As illustrative of emulsified compositions, made in accordance with thisinvention and suitable for application to porous surfaces, Examples10-15,

Example 10 Parts Nitrocellulose (any desired viscosity) 25 Castor oil 38Sodium lauryl sulfate 0.5 Ethyl alcohol Butyl acetateufl s. it 'Toluol14 Using second (Hercules) nitrocellulose-solution viscosity (steel ballsupra) is 500 seconds.

Example 11 Parts Nitrocellulose 20 Castor oil 30 Sodium myristyl sulfate0.3 Ethyl alcohol 9 Butyl acetate 21 Toluol 20 Using second (Hercules)nitrocellulose-40in" tion viscosity (steel ball, supra) is 60 seconds.

Using 1 second (Hercules) nitrocellul0se-solution viscosity (steel ball,supra) is 250 seconds.

Using 5 second (Hercules) nitrocellulose-solution viscosity (steel ball,supra) is 3000 seconds.

Using 18 second (Hercules) nitrocellulose-solution viscosity (steelball, supra) is 10.000 seconds. I

Example 12 Using second (Hercules) nitrocellulose-solution viscosity(steel ball, supra) is 2 seconds. Using 5 second (Hercules)nitrocellulose-solution viscosity (steel ball, supra) is 20 seconds.Using 18 second (Hercules) nitrocellu1ose-solution viscosity (steelball, supra) is seconds. Using second (Hercules) nitrocellulose-solutionviscosity (steel ball, supra) is 250 seconds.

#Using 200 second (Hercules) nitrocellulose-solution viscosity (steelball, supra) is 1000 seconds.

Using 400 second (Hercules) nitrocellulose-solution viscosity (steelball, supra) is 10,000 seconds.

Example 13 Parts 1000 second (Hercules) nitrocellulose 5 Castor oil 7Sodium lauryl sulfate 0.08 Butyl acetate 43 Toluol 43 Solution viscosity(steel ball, supra)-30 seconds.

' Example 14' Solution viscosity (steel ball, supra)1800 seconds.

Example 15 Parts /2 second (Hercules) nitrocellulose 35 Triethyl citrate'21 Sodium lauryl sulfate 0.4 Alcohol 14 Butyl aceta 16 Toluol 16Solution viscosity (steel ball, supra)3%l0 seconds. I

It will be understood that a wide variety of solvent mixtures may beused in place of those given in the above formulae, so long as thesolvent and diluents be chosen so that more than half of the solventmixture boils below about C.

It will now be observed that'the emulsions in accordance with thisinvention are characterized by the inclusion of a viscous nitrocellulosesolution including a solvent or solvent mixture more than half of whichis low boiling, i. e. below 140 C. and having a high solids ornon-volatile content, and the solution being within a particular rangeof ratio with respect to the water phase of the emulsion.

In use for the coating of porous materials, the emulsion in accordancewith this invention and having a nitrocellulose solution phase ofsuitable or desired viscosity with respect to the porosity of thematerial to be coated, will be applied in any desired manner.Onapplication of the emuls on, it will break, either from physicalaction, as the absorbence of the water phase by the absorbent material,or from the, solution in the concentration of solids, the coalescedsolution will dry to a clear film where no pigment is present and in anyevent to a film free from precipitated nitrocellulose.

This application is a continuation-in-part of my application for UnitedStates patent, Serial No. 123,725, filed February 2, 1937, (now UnitedStates Patent No 2,101,066), which is in turn a continuation in part ofapplications Serial No. 11,685, filed March 18, 1935, and Serial No.12,725,

, filed March 23, 1935, which are continuations-inpart of applicationfiled by me Serial No. 703,833,

filed December 23, 1933 (now United States Patent No. 2,044,571)

What I claim and desire to protect by Lettersv Patent is I 1. In afilm-forming protective and decorative lacquer composition of the typein which a filmforming material is dissolved in a non-aqueous, volatile,organic solvent, or solvent mixture, and in which the film-formingmaterial comprises a material selected from the group consisting ofcellulose esters, chlorinated rubber, synthetic resins and mixturesthereof, the improvement which consists in adding to the lacquercomposition an alkali metal aliphatic sulphate which contains at leasteight carbon atoms, said sulphate being present in the said compositionin an amount insuificient to cause substantial flattening of the glossof the film produced by the use of the said lacquer composition butsumcient to insure deposition with and incorporation in the film in anamount between about 0.5% and about 1.25%, by weight, of the depositedfilm, the said film produced by the use of the said lacquer compositionbeing characterized by possessing high gloss and by being substantiallynon-tacky and non-blocking.

2. In a film-forming protective and decorativea cellulose ester, theimprovement which consists in adding to the lacquer composition analkali metal aliphatic sulphate which contains at least eight carbonatoms, said sulphate being present in the said composition in an amountinsumcient to cause substantial flattening of the gloss of the filmproduced by the use of the said lacquer composition but sufficient toinsure deposition with and incorporation in the film in an amountbetween about 0.5% and about 1.25%, by weight, of the deposited film,the said film produced by the use of the said lacquer composition beingcharacterized by possessing high gloss and by being substantiallynon-tacky and non-blocking.

3. In a film-forming protective and decorative lacquer composition ofthe type in which a filmforming material is dissolved in a non-aqueous,volatile, organic solvent, or solvent mixture, and in which thefilm-forming material comprises a chlorinated rubber, the improvementwhich consists in adding to the lacquer composition an alkali metalaliphatic sulphate which contains at least eight carbon atoms, saidsulphate being present in the said composition in an amount insufilcientto cause substantial flattening oi the gloss of the film produced by theuse of the said lacquer composition but suflicient to insure depositionwith and incorporation in the-film in an amount between about 0.5% andabout 1.25%, by weight, of the deposited film, the said film produced bythe use of the said lacquer composition f being characterized bypossessing high gloss and by being substantially non-tacky andnonblocking. I

4. In a film-forming protective and decorative lacquer composition orthe type in which a filmiorming material is dissolved in a non-aqueous,

volatile. organic solvent, or solvent mixture, and

in which the film-forming .material comprises a synthetic resin, theimprovement which consists in adding to the lacquer composition an al- 2kali metal aliphatic sulphate which contains at least eight carbonatoms, said sulphate being present in the said composition in an amountinsuificient to cause substantial flattening oi the gloss of the filmproduced by the use 01 the said 25 lacquer composition but sufiicient toinsure deposition with and incorporation in the film in an amountbetween about 0.5% and about 1.25%,

by weight, of the deposited film, the said film produced by the use ofthesaid lacquer composition being characterized by possessing high glossand by being substantially non-tacky and non-blocking.- f

5. In a film-forming protectiveand decorative lacquer composition of thetype in which a film- 35 forming material is dissolved in a non-aqueous.

volatile. organic solvent, or solvent mixture, and

in which the film-forming material comprises nitrocellulose, theimprovement which consists in adding to the lacquer composition analkali 0 metal aliphatic sulphate which contains at least eight carbonatoms. said sulphate being present in the said composition in an amountinsuflicient to cause substantial flattening oi the gloss oi the filmproduced by the use of the said 6 lacquer composition butsuificient toinsure deposition with and incorporation in the film in an amountbetween about 0.5% and about 1.25%,

by weight, of the deposited film, the said film produced by the use atthe said lacquer compo I sition being characterized by possessing highgloss and by being substantially non-tacky and and non-tacky, film,produced by the evaporation o! the solvent iron the lacquer compositiondefined in' claim 1.

'I. Anarticle compfiingabaseat leastoneoi the surfaces of which iscoated with a protective and decorative, glossy, substantiallynon-blocking and non-tacky, film, produced by the evaporation of thesolvent from the lacquer composition defined in claim 2. 6

8. An article comprising a base at least one of the surfaces of which iscoatedwith a protective and decorative, glossy, substantiallynon-blocking and non-tacky, film, produced by the evaporation of thesolvent from the lacquer composition de- 10 fined in claim 3.'

9. An article comprising a base at least one of the surfaces of whichiscoated with a protective and decorative, glossy, substantiallynon-block ng and non-tacky, film, produced by the evaporation 15 of thesolvent from the lacquer composition defined in claim 4.

10. An article comprising a base at least one oi.

the surfaces of which is coated with a protective and decorative,glossy, substantially non-blocking and non-tacky, film, produced by theevaporation of the solvent from the lacquer composition defined in claim5.

11. A protective and decorative composition of the lacquer type asdefined in claim 1' which includes a plasticizer.

12. A protective and decorative composition of the lacquer type asdefined in claim 2 which includes a plastici'zer.

13. A protective and decorative composition of the lacquer type asdefined in claim 3 which includes a plasticizer.

14. A protective and decorative composition of the lacquer typeas'defined in claim 4 which includes a' plasticizer. 85

15. A protective and decorative composition of the lacquer type asdefined in claim 5 which includes a plasticizer.

16. A protective and decorative composition oi. the lacquer type;defined in claim 1 and in which 40 the alkali metal aliphatic sulphateis sodium iauryl sulphate.

1'7. A protective and decorative composition of the lacquer type definedin claim 2 and in which the alkali metal aliphatic sulphate is sodium'lauryl sulphate.

18. A protective and decorative composition 01 the lacquer type definedin claim 3 and in which the alkali metal aliphatic sulphate is sodiumiauryl sulphate.

19. A protective and decorative composition of the lacquer type definedin claim 4 and in which the alkali metal aliphatic sulphate is sodiumlauryl sulphate.

20. A protective and decorative composition oi the lacquer type definedin claim 5 and in which the alkali metal aliphatic sulphate is sodium 5B. HOILABAUGH.

lauryl sulphate.

